Ecology of Threatened Semi-Arid Wetlands

<p>Part I Introductory Chapter</p><p>1 The Wetland, Its Catchment Settings and Socioeconomic Relevance: An Overview</p><p>S. Sánchez-Carrillo, D.G. Angeler, S. Cirujano, and M. Álvarez-Cobelas</p><p>1.1 Introduction </p><p>1.2 The Wetland: Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park </p><p>1.3 The Upper Guadiana Basin and the UNESCO’s La Mancha Húmeda Biosphere Reserve </p><p>1.4 Groundwater Overexploitation and the Wetland Complex </p><p>1.5 Socioeconomic Aspects in the Upper Guadiana Basin </p><p>1.6 A Chronological Summary of TDNP Impacts and Its Degradation </p><p>References </p><p>Part II Abiotic Environment and Historical Reconstructions</p><p>2 Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of Las Tablas de Daimiel and Its Evolution During the Quaternary Period </p><p>B. Ruiz-Zapata, M.J. Gil-García, and I. de Bustamante</p><p>2.1 Introduction </p><p>2.2 Material and Methods </p><p>2.3 Overview of Vegetation Composition in La Mancha Region During Quaternary Period: Palaeo-Sequences Description </p><p>2.3.1 Landscape Evolution from 325,000 to 21,000 Years BP: LT, TD, TASG-1 and FUENT-1 Profiles</p><p>2.3.2 Landscape Evolution from 11,000 to 4,000 Years BP: MO and CC-17 Sequences </p><p>2.3.3 Landscape Evolution from 4,000 Years BP to the Present: CC-17 and Gigüela 4.2 Paleo-records </p><p>2.4 Summary of Climatic and Wetland Environmental Evolution During the Quaternary Period </p><p>2.4.1 Middle Pleistocene </p><p>2.4.2 Upper Pleistocene </p><p>2.4.3 Holocene </p><p>References </p><p>3 Climate and Hydrologic Trends: Climate Change Versus Hydrologic Overexploitation as Determinants of theFluctuating Wetland Hydrology</p><p>S. Sánchez-Carrillo and M. Álvarez-Cobelas</p><p>3.1 Introduction </p><p>3.2 Material and Methods </p><p>3.3 Long-Term Climate Trends </p><p>3.4 An Historical Analysis of Wetland Hydroperiod and Inundation Patterns: The Importance of Groundwater </p><p>3.5 Long-Term Changes in the Wetland Water Budget: Hydrologic Degradation </p><p>3.6 Causes of Wetland Hydrologic Degradation: Climate Change Versus Hydrologic Overexploitation </p><p>3.7 Evapotranspiration Controls of Wetland Hydrology: A Conceptual Model </p><p>3.8 A Wetland Hydrological Model for Hydroperiod Restoration </p><p>3.9 Future Scenarios of TDNP Hydrology </p><p>References </p><p>4 The Effects of Anthropogenic Stressors on Wetland Loss and Habitat Quality Deterioration in the Upper Guadiana River Basin: A Long-Term Assessment (1970–2000) </p><p>R. Sánchez-Andrés, M.O. Viedma, and S. Sánchez-Carrillo</p><p>4.1 Introduction </p><p>4.2 Material and Methods </p><p>4.3 Wetland Cover and Extent of Hydrodynamic Types in the Early 1970s </p><p>4.4 Land Use–Land Cover Changes and Socioeconomic Indicators During 1978–2000 </p><p>4.5 Wetland Losses from 1970 to 2000</p><p>4.6 Wetland Habitat Quality Evolution During the Period 1978–2000 </p><p>4.7 Patterns on Wetland Loss and Habitat Quality Deterioration: the Infl uence of the Main Anthropogenic</p><p>Stressors at Local and Regional Scales</p><p>References </p><p>5 A Story of the Wetland Water Quality Deterioration: Salinization, Pollution, Eutrophication and Siltation </p><p>M. Álvarez-Cobelas, S. Sánchez-Carrillo, S.Cirujano, and D.G. Angeler</p><p>5.1 Introduction </p><p>5.2 Materials and Methods </p><p>5.3 Salinization and Major Ionic Composition </p><p>5.4 Water Pollution </p><p>5.5 Nutrient Dynamics and Eutrophication </p><p>5.6 Spatial Heterogeneity of Nutrient Controls </p><p>5.7 Wetland Sedimentation and Siltation </p><p>References </p><p>Part III Ecological Communities</p><p>6 Plankton Ecology and Diversity </p><p>C. Rojo and M.A. Rodrigo</p><p>6.1 Introduction </p><p>6.2 Materials and Methods </p><p>6.2.1 Field Sampling and Counting Techniques </p><p>6.2.2 Indexes and Statistical Methods </p><p>6.3 Diversity of Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Picopl </p><p>6.4 Bacteria and Autotrophic Picoplankton Dynamics </p><p>6.5 Species Composition and Diversity of Phytoplankton </p><p>6.6 Phytoplankton Abundance Dynamics </p><p>6.7 Species Composition and Diversity of Zooplankton </p><p>6.8 Zooplankton Abundance Dynamics </p><p>6.9 Bacterioplankton and APP Relationship with Abiotic and Biotic Factors </p><p>6.10 Environmental Factors Related to Phytoplankton </p><p>6.11 Environmental Factors Related to Zooplankton and the Food Web </p><p>References </p><p>7 Macrophyte Ecology and Its Long-term Dynamics </p><p>S. Cirujano, M. Álvarez-Cobelas, and R. Sánchez-Andrés</p><p>7.1 Introduction </p><p>7.2 Materials and Methods </p><p>7.2.1 Surveys and Reconstructions </p><p>7.2.2 Estimation of Growth and Decay </p><p>7.2.3 Biomass and Primary Production Estimations </p><p>7.2.4 Spatial Distribution of Helophytes</p><p>7.3 Aquatic Flora </p><p>7.4 Helophyte Cover and Growth </p><p>7.5 Plant Biomass, Production and Decomposition </p><p>7.6 Spatial Heterogeneity of Helophytes </p><p>References </p><p>8 Fish and Avian Communities: A Testimony of Wetland Degradation </p><p>M. Álvarez-Cobelas</p><p>8.1 Introduction </p><p>8.2 Fish Communities </p><p>8.2.1 Material and Methods </p><p>8.2.2 Results and Discussion </p><p>8.3 Avian Communities </p><p>8.3.1 Material and Methods </p><p>8.3.2 Results and Discussion </p><p>References </p><p>Part IV Applied Issues</p><p>9 Biomanipulation: A Useful Tool for Wetland Rehabilitation </p><p>D.G. Angeler</p><p>9.1 Introduction </p><p>9.2 Biomanipulation: Theory and Rationale </p><p>9.3 Biomanipulation in Wetlands: Applying a Lake Restoration Tool </p><p>9.4 Biomanipulation in Wetlands: Extending the Paradigm </p><p>9.5 Biomanipulation: A Model for Las Tablas de Daimiel </p><p>9.6 Conclusions and Perspectives </p><p>References </p><p>10 Analysis of Applied Environmental Management Strategies for Wetland Conservation During the Last 30 Years: A Local History</p><p>S. Cirujano, M. Álvarez-Cobelas, and C. Ruíz de la Hermosa</p><p>10.1 Introduction </p><p>10.2 Wetland Conservation in Spain Until 1970 </p><p>10.3 Wetland Restoration, Conservation and Management Since 1970: Common Problems Across Spain </p><p>10.4 Las Tablas de Daimiel: A Case Study </p><p>References </p><p>Part V Cultural andSocietal Aspects</p><p>11 The Man and Las Tablas de Daimiel </p><p>M. Alvarez-Cobelas, S. Cirujano, and A. Meco</p><p>11.1 Early Settlement </p><p>11.2 From Roman Colonization to Lower Middle Age </p><p>11.3 Modern Age </p><p>11.4 The Twentieth Century </p><p>11.5 Ecosystem Health and the Future of Man in TDNP de Daimiel </p><p>References </p><p>Part VI Concluding Chapter</p><p>12 Synthesis: The Past, Present and Future of Las Tablas de Daimiel </p><p>David G. Angeler and Salvador Sánchez-Carrillo</p><p>12.1 Background and Current State of Las Tablas de Daimel </p><p>12.2 Missing Research Links: The Ecological Challenge </p><p>12.2.1 Research at the Local Scale </p><p>12.2.2 Research Beyond the Wetland Boundary </p><p>12.3 The Future: The Socioeconomic Challenge </p><p>12.4 Conclusion </p><p>References </p><p>Index </p><p>