Static Electricity – Understanding, Controlling, Applying

<p>About the Authors xiii<br /><br />Opening Remark xv<br /><br />Preliminary Remark xvii<br /><br />Preface xix<br /><br />1 Basics of Fire and Explosion: Risk Assessment 1<br /><br />1.1 Basic Considerations on Fire and Explosion (T1) 1<br /><br />1.2 Explosive Atmosphere 3<br /><br />1.3 Hybrid Mixtures ( P7) 6<br /><br />1.4 Allocation of Explosion–Endangered Areas and Permissible Equipment ( P6) 7<br /><br />1.5 Permissible Equipment (Equipment Protection Level) 7<br /><br />1.6 Ignition Sources 9<br /><br />1.7 Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) 11<br /><br />1.8 Imaginary Experiment to Assess the Hazardous Potential of Flammable Liquids 15<br /><br />PowerPoint Presentations 18<br /><br />References 18<br /><br />2 Principles of Static Electricity 19<br /><br />2.1 Basics 19<br /><br />2.2 Electrostatic Charging of Solids ( T2) 21<br /><br />2.3 Triboelectric Series 24<br /><br />2.4 Surface Resistivity 24<br /><br />2.5 Electrostatic Charging of Liquids ( T2, T8) 28<br /><br />2.6 Charging by Gases 31<br /><br />2.7 Electric Field 33<br /><br />2.8 Electric Induction ( T3) 36<br /><br />2.9 Capacitance and Capacitor 38<br /><br />PowerPoint Presentations 38<br /><br />References 39<br /><br />3 Metrology 41<br /><br />3.1 Basics ( T7) 41<br /><br />3.2 Appropriate Metrology for Electrostatic Safety Measures 44<br /><br />3.3 Comparison: Electrostatics/Electrical Engineering 44<br /><br />3.4 Selecting the Suitable Measurement Methods 45<br /><br />3.5 Assignment and Summary 49<br /><br />3.6 Conductivity of Liquids 51<br /><br />3.7 Bulk Materials 52<br /><br />3.8 Concerning the Use of Insulating Material in Endangered Areas 52<br /><br />3.9 Measurement of Electrostatic Charges 52<br /><br />3.10 Other Measurement Applications 68<br /><br />3.11 Capacitance 77<br /><br />3.12 Themes around Air Humidity 81<br /><br />PowerPoint Presentations 87<br /><br />Picture Credits 87<br /><br />References 88<br /><br />4 Gas Discharges 89<br /><br />4.1 Mechanisms of Gas Discharges ( T5) 89<br /><br />4.2 Electrostatic Gas Discharges 90<br /><br />4.3 Types of Gas Discharges 94<br /><br />4.4 Consequences of Gas Discharges 102<br /><br />4.5 Listing of Traces Caused by Gas Discharges (&nbsp; P11; T8) 102<br /><br />4.6 How Can Dangerous Gas Discharges Be Avoided? 103<br /><br />PowerPoint Presentations 111<br /><br />Picture Credits 111<br /><br />Video Credits 111<br /><br />References 111<br /><br />5 Preventing Electrostatic Disturbances 113<br /><br />5.1 Electrostatics:When Sparks Fly 113<br /><br />5.2 Dielectric Strength 117<br /><br />5.3 Discharging Charged Surfaces 118<br /><br />5.4 Potential Hazards Posed by Discharge Electrodes 134 <br /><br />Picture Credits 136<br /><br />Video Credits 137<br /><br />References 137<br /><br />Further Reading 137<br /><br />6 Description of Demonstration Experiments 139<br /><br />6.1 Preliminary Remarks 140<br /><br />6.2 Static Voltmeter 141<br /><br />6.3 Field Meter 142<br /><br />6.4 Van de Graaff Generator 142<br /><br />6.5 Explosion Tube 142<br /><br />6.6 Electrostatic Force Effects 144<br /><br />6.7 Charges Caused by Separating Process 149<br /><br />6.8 Charging of Particles 150<br /><br />6.9 Electric Induction 153<br /><br />6.10 Dissipating Properties 157<br /><br />6.11 Experiments with the Explosion Tube 158<br /><br />6.12 Gas Discharges 160<br /><br />6.13 Fire and Explosion Dangers 168<br /><br />Reference 175<br /><br />7 Case Studies 177<br /><br />7.1 Strategy of Investigation 177<br /><br />7.2 Ignitions Due to Brush Discharges 180<br /><br />7.3 Case Studies Related to Propagating Brush Discharges 192<br /><br />7.4 Case Histories Related to Spark Discharges 204<br /><br />7.5 Ignition Caused by Cone Discharges 212<br /><br />7.6 Doubts with Electrostatic Ignitions 213<br /><br />7.7 Act with Relevant Experience 219<br /><br />PowerPoint Presentations 220<br /><br />Video 221<br /><br />References 221<br /><br />8 Targeted Use of Charges 223<br /><br />8.1 Applications 223<br /><br />8.2 Examples of the Creative Implementation of Applications 226<br /><br />8.3 Summary 251<br /><br />Picture Credits 251<br /><br />Video Credits 252<br /><br />References 252<br /><br />M Mathematics Toolbox 253<br /><br />M1 Energy W of a Capacitance 255<br /><br />M1.1 Minimum Ignition Energy WMIE 255<br /><br />M1.2 Power P 255<br /><br />M1.3 Electrical Efficiency 256<br /><br />M2 Field E; Field Strength E 256<br /><br />M2.1 Homogeneous Field between Plane Plates 256<br /><br />M2.2 Field of Point Charge 256<br /><br />M2.3 Permittivity 257<br /><br />M2.4 Field of Rod (Wire) Charge 257<br /><br />M3 Flux Density D (Earlier: Dielectric Displacement) 257<br /><br />M4 Frequency f 258<br /><br />M4.1 Wavelength 258<br /><br />M4.2 Circular Frequency 258<br /><br />M5 Inductance L 258<br /><br />M5.1 Inductance Ls of an Air Coil 259<br /><br />M6 Capacitance C 259<br /><br />M6.1 Rod (Wire) across a Conductive Area 259<br /><br />M6.2 Coaxial Cable/Cylinder Capacitance 260<br /><br />M6.3 Conductive Sphere in Space 260<br /><br />M6.4 Sphere Across a Conductive Area 260<br /><br />M6.5 Shunt of Single Capacitors 261<br /><br />M6.6 Plate Capacitor 261<br /><br />M6.7 Series of Single Capacitors 261<br /><br />M7 Force F, F 262<br /><br />M7.1 Force between 2 Point Charges (Coulomb s law) 262<br /><br />M8 Charge Q 263<br /><br />M8.1 Moved Charge Qm 263<br /><br />M8.2 Charge of Electron Beam Qe 263<br /><br />M8.3 Surface Charge Density 263<br /><br />M8.4 Mass Charge Density Q 264<br /><br />M8.5 Volume Charge Density 264<br /><br />M9 Potential 264<br /><br />M10 Voltage U 265<br /><br />M11 Resistance R (Universal) 267<br /><br />Annex 275<br /><br />1 Videos for download from <a href="http://www.wiley–vch.de/">www.wiley–vch.de 275<br /><br />2 PowerPoint Presentations 275<br /><br />2.1 Theory of Electrostatics (Visualized by Experiments) 275<br /><br />2.2 Practical Examples with Freddy (Electrostatic Hazards in Plant areas) 276<br /><br />Index 277</p>