Heat and Moisture Transfer between Human Body and Environment

<p>Preface ix</p>
<p>Chapter 1. Building a Model for a Coupled Problem 1</p>
<p>1.1. Basic equations of the models (Appendix 1) 2</p>
<p>1.2. Boundary layers 3</p>
<p>1.2.1. Forced convection 4</p>
<p>1.2.2. Natural convection 6</p>
<p>1.3. Heat balance for a system and boundary conditions 8</p>
<p>1.4. On the problem of cooling of a cup of tea 11</p>
<p>1.4.1. Balance equations 12</p>
<p>1.4.2. Research of transfer correlations13</p>
<p>1.4.3. Surface temperature as a function of average temperature of the liquid 15</p>
<p>1.4.4. Liquid temperature as a function of time 16</p>
<p>1.5. Bather on a beach 19</p>
<p>Chapter 2. Approximate Determination of Transfer Coefficients 25</p>
<p>2.1. Natural convection around an isolated sphere 25</p>
<p>2.1.1. Equations of boundary layers depending on velocity and temperature 26</p>
<p>2.1.2. Integration over the boundary layer thickness 28</p>
<p>2.1.3. Dimensionless formulation 32</p>
<p>2.1.4. Numerical solution 33</p>
<p>2.2. Coupled exchanges around the head of a baby lying down 37</p>
<p>2.2.1. System of equations 38</p>
<p>2.2.2. Boundary layers for the horizontal disk 40</p>
<p>2.2.3. Boundary layers on curved surfaces 41</p>
<p>2.3. Forced convection around a cylinder 43</p>
<p>2.3.1. System of equations 44</p>
<p>2.3.2. Integration of the equations of the dynamic boundary layer 46</p>
<p>2.3.3. Dimensionless integral equation 48</p>
<p>2.3.4. Resolution of the upwind dynamic boundary layer 50</p>
<p>2.3.5. Resolution of the downwind dynamic boundary layer 55</p>
<p>2.3.6. Resolution of the thermal boundary layer 56</p>
<p>Chapter 3. Human Thermal Models 61</p>
<p>3.1. The Fanger model: from climatic chamber to standard 61</p>
<p>3.1.1. Environment and human body physical parameters 62</p>
<p>3.1.2. Equilibrium balance equation in the Fanger model 69</p>
<p>3.1.3. Examples of ambient environment qualifications 72</p>
<p>3.2. Gagge model 76</p>
<p>3.2.1. A simple, unsteady and regulated geometrical model 76</p>
<p>3.2.2. Response of human system to a sudden change in metabolism 78</p>
<p>3.3. Stolwijk 25 node model 80</p>
<p>3.4. Thermal model of a baby lying down 82</p>
<p>3.4.1. Geometrical division 82</p>
<p>3.4.2. Metabolism and respiration 83</p>
<p>3.4.3. Exchanges of the uncovered part of the head 84</p>
<p>3.4.4. Conduction between body layers 85</p>
<p>3.4.5. Sensible heat exchanges of the trunk 87</p>
<p>3.4.6. Trunk evaporation 88</p>
<p>3.4.7. Blood convection 89</p>
<p>3.4.8. System of equations 90</p>
<p>3.4.9. Simulation results 91</p>
<p>Chapter 4. Heat and Humidity Transfer in Clothing 97</p>
<p>4.1. From heterogeneous porous to continuous model media 98</p>
<p>4.2. Heat diffusion and convection 100</p>
<p>4.3. Vapor diffusion 101</p>
<p>4.4. The effect of bound water 105</p>
<p>4.5. Liquid water diffusion 111</p>
<p>4.6. Mass and energy balances 119</p>
<p>4.7. Limit conditions 121</p>
<p>4.8. Processing for a numerical resolution 123</p>
<p>4.9. First example: condensation in a multilayer 124</p>
<p>4.10. Convection and diffusion 128</p>
<p>4.11. Taking account of radiation 130</p>
<p>4.12. Second example: firefighters clothing 135</p>
<p>4.13. Traditional warm weather clothing 137</p>
<p>Appendices 143</p>
<p>Appendix 1 145</p>
<p>Appendix 2 151</p>
<p>Appendix 3 155</p>
<p>Bibliography 157</p>
<p>Index 161</p>